Study finds that males are represented four times more than females in literature USC
To produce these findings, Kejriwal and Nagaraj accessed data through the Gutenberg Project corpus which contains English-language 3,000 books, an added attempt to mitigate researcher bias. The genre of books ranged from adventure and, to mystery and romance, and in varied mediums, including novels, short stories, and poetry.
"Gender bias is very real, and when we see females four times less in literature, it has a subliminal impact on people consuming the culture," said Kejriwal, a research assistant professor in the Daniel J Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering."We quantitatively revealed in an indirect way in which bias persists in culture."
The team's diversified methods to measure and determine female representation in literature did not come without limitations, however, when authors are neither male or female."When we published the dataset paper, reviewers had this criticism that we were ignoring non-dichotomous genders," said Kejriwal."But we agreed with them, in a way. We think it's completely suppressed, and we won't be able to find many [transgender individuals or non-dichotomous individuals].
"Even with misattributions, the words associated with women were adjectives like 'weak,' 'amiable,' 'pretty,' and sometimes 'stupid,'" said Nagaraj."For male characters, the words describing them included 'leadership,' 'power,' 'strength' and 'politics.'"
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