Saturn's core is a soupy mass of ice, rock, and gas, that's both much larger and more bizarre than scientists expected
Jupiter, however, doesn’t have a thick ring system to record its inner jostles. “We need to blow up one of Jupiter’s little moons,” Marley jokes, to create a ring that will record the pulses of Jupiter’s heart. The classical origin story for a large gassy world starts with small chunks of material that clump together, growing more and more massive until the protoplanet’s gravity draws in all the nearby gas.
Another surprise is that Mankovich and Fuller deduced that the core is not convective, meaning it doesn’t move heat around as expected—an observation that might explain why Saturn is surprisingly bright in the infrared. “Jupiter is about as bright as you would expect Jupiter to be after 4.5 billion years, but Saturn is too bright,” Marley says. “Because this [core] doesn’t want to convect, it slows down the cooling and is brighter than it should be.
But even those ideas struggle to account for Saturn’s oddly symmetric magnetic field, which is unlike the tilted, irregular ones of Earth and Jupiter. One possibility is that a layer of helium rain might be smoothing the magnetic field lines before they reach the planet’s surface, but the researchers don’t have a good explanation for how the giant core could affect this process.
Answering these Saturnian questions will require poring over the wealth of information gathered by the Cassini spacecraft, performing detailed simulations of planetary interiors with supercomputers, and crafting experiments with Earth-based telescopes. In the future, scientists could also use these methods to scrutinize the rings of other planets such as Uranus and Neptune, uncovering any secrets that might be written into their icy particles.
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