Light can excite electron and hole pairs inside semiconducting materials. If the attraction between a negatively charged electron and a positively charged hole (the antiparticle of electron in solid state physics) is strong, they stay bound together, forming states known as excitons. In these states, positively charged holes can be viewed as the vacancies left behind by the electrons they are paired with.
"One can think of this superlattice as one dipolar exciton added to another dipolar exciton with opposite polarization ," Shi said."The superposition of these two dipolar excitons creates quadrupolar excitons, which possess much less repulsion between each other and new interactions among themselves.
Overall, this first study carried out by Shi and his colleagues could help to identify new insulating states, where holes jump back and forth between the first and third layers of their superlattice but are laterally confined, thus preventing electrical conduction. This new insulating state is of a quantum nature, as the sharing of holes between the superlattice's top and bottom layers occurs through a process known as quantum tunneling.
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