Space is full of dangerous cosmic radiation, and in order to send astronauts to Mars, we'll need to protect them from it. Here's how.
The Artemis I mission, which recently completed a historic test flight around the moon, didn’t have any astronauts on board — but it did have two very special passengers: Helga and Zohar, a pair of highly anatomically detailed dummy torsos, one of which wore a special radiation shielding vest for the journey. Their mission? Measure radiation exposure in deep space and determine whether a vest can help protect astronauts from the unseen dangers of space.
In the long term, exposure to this radiation — which consists of charged particles from the sun called solar winds, particles ejected in coronal mass ejections, and cosmic rays — can lead to a variety of health problems. Most significantly, radiation exposure raises the likelihood that someone will develop cancer or various degenerative diseases. That’s why NASA and other space agencies have a cap on how much radiation an astronaut can be exposed to over their lifetime.
Rather than an all-or-nothing approach, selective protection can balance effectiveness and practicality. If you can protect some of the most vulnerable organs, like lungs or breast tissue, you can help keep people safe without overly encumbering them. The importance of ergonomics For a vest to be practical in spaceflight, astronauts need to be able to move around freely while wearing it. The AstroRad has been tested on the ISS by five astronauts who wore it day and night while going about their regular duties, to see if it impaired their movements.
That’s why the Artemis I mission, which was uncrewed, included the two dummies Helga and Zohar which are torso-shaped and filled with detectors. The two torsos are designed to detect incoming radiation particles, and one will be wearing the vest so the teams will be able to see how effective the vest is at stopping this radiation. Over the 25-day flight from the Earth around the moon and back, they will be exposed to the same radiation environment that astronauts will be in future missions.
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