From acoustic tweezers to holograms, engineers are taking inspiration from the field of optics—and riding the sound wave.
Instead of a laser producing a train of photons, acoustic tweezers vibrate an object like a bell, producing a train of sound waves in a medium. This creates pockets of high and low pressure. Similar to focusing a laser, Zeng engineers the shape of the sound waves to control the location of those pressure pockets. By positioning a low pressure zone over a cluster of cancer cells, for example, Zeng can squish them by causing the surrounding fluid from a high-pressure zone to rush in.
Other researchers are developing a technology known as acoustic holography to shape sound waves, in order to more precisely design the location and shape of the pressure zones in a medium. Scientists project sound waves through a patterned plate known as an acoustic hologram, which is often 3D-printed and computer-designed. It shapes the sound waves in an intricate, predefined way, just like an optical hologram does for light.
Alù’s project draws inspiration not from light, but from the electron—which, according to quantum mechanics, is both a wave and a particle. In particular, the Legos were designed to mimic the crystal pattern of a type of material known as twisted bilayer graphene, which restricts the motion of its electrons in a distinctive way. Under certain conditions, electrons only flow on the edges of this material.
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