Even planets outside of habitable zones and covered in ice could have liquid water. As long as there's enough geothermal heat.
” The lead author is Lujendra Ojha, an assistant professor of Planetary Science in the Earth and Planetary Sciences Department at Rutgers University.
Ice-sheet dynamics on Earth describe how massive ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica behave. These ice sheets move as Earth’s gravity pulls on them. The ice’s temperature and strength determine how muchWater is the primary ingredient for life. But there are other requirements, too. The water has to persist and contact rock so that geochemistry can play its role. The authors say that basal melting on icy exo-Earths can provide both.
On frozen super-Earths, the gravity is much stronger, creating a complex situation. “Due to the high surface gravity of super-Earths, ice sheets may undergo numerous phase transformations,” the authors write. The phase transformations refer to ices with different densities due to different packing geometries. Water ice can form 18 phases when exposed to higher pressures and different temperatures, and they can create layers that trap water between them.
This figure shows how the habitable zone shifts for stars of different temperatures. The x-axis shows how much starlight reaches exoplanets relative to Earth. The y-axis shows the surface temperatures of different types of stars. The Sun’s temperature is 5800 K, and red dwarfs, depending on how they’re defined, have surface temperatures between 2000 and 3900 K. Image Credit: By Chester Harman – Send to me personally upon request, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.
There’s precedent for subsurface oceans on icy exo-Earths in Earth’s history. During global glaciation events, or “Snowball Earth” episodes during Earth’s icehouse climates, the Earth may have been entirely covered in ice. But geothermal heat flow meant that only the surface of the oceans froze solid. Abundant liquid water existed under the ice, and life persisted.
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