Over the last few years, as we have been able to peer back deeper and deeper into the early Universe, astronomers have been discovering something extremely puzzling.
Now, supercomputer simulations have revealed an origin that explains how they formed without the need for exotic conditions: rare reservoirs of turbulent cold gas that collapsed into stars more massive than anything in the Universe today. These would have been the huge seeds that grew into supermassive black holes.
There are two main schools of thought on how supermassive black holes form. The first is the bottom-up model. A single massive star dies, usually leaving behind a black hole up to around 100 times the mass of the Sun.Over time – lots and lots of time – the black hole slurps up a bunch of material, growing bigger and bigger until it is millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun. This is extremely hard to reconcile with quasars in the early Universe.
Cosmologists thought it would take some truly exotic conditions, such as backgrounds of strong ultraviolet radiation, or supersonic flows between gas and. And none of these exotic conditions resembled the environments in which these early Universe quasars were found. In the simulation, the turbulence generated by the intersecting streams prevents normal stars, such as those we see today, from forming. Usually, this happens when a dense knot of material in a cold cloud collapses under gravity to form a baby star, but when there's too much turbulence, conditions aren't stable enough for this to occur.
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